A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects a person's persistent emotional state. Mood disorders can manifest as mania, hypomania, or depression that disrupts daily functioning. They differ from normal emotional ups and downs in their intensity, frequency, and duration.
The two main categories of mood disorders are:
- Depressive disorders - Characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest. Examples include major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and seasonal affective disorder.
- Bipolar disorders - Characterized by alternating episodes of mania (elevated mood) and depression. Examples are bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.
What causes mood disorders?
The exact causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors such as:
- Family history of mood disorders
- Traumatic life events
- Medical conditions or brain changes
- Use of certain medications
- Substance abuse
- Personality traits
- Stress
What are the symptoms of mood disorders?
Symptoms can vary depending on the type of disorder but may include:
- Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, worthlessness
- Loss of interest in activities
- Changes in appetite and sleep patterns
- Difficulty concentrating
- Thoughts of death or suicide
- Increased activity and energy
- Impulsiveness and risk-taking behaviors
- Rapid speech and racing thoughts
How are mood disorders diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves an evaluation of symptoms, including their severity, timing, and duration. The doctor may:
- Ask about medical history and symptoms
- Conduct a physical exam to rule out other causes
- Use criteria from the DSM-5 diagnostic manual
- Administer psychological assessments
How are mood disorders treated?
Treatment is tailored to the individual but can include:
- Medications - Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics
- Psychotherapy - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy
- Brain stimulation therapies - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Light therapy
- Lifestyle changes - Exercise, stress management, proper sleep
With appropriate treatment, most people with mood disorders can manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives. Ongoing communication with one's doctor is key for effective management.